China Industrial Association of Power Sources (CIAPS) is a national, non-profit industry organization formed voluntarily by enterprises in the battery sector, established in December 1989. It has over a thousand member units and 11 specialized branches, including lithium batteries, lead-acid batteries, solar PV, mobile power, energy storage, battery recycling, and more. CIAPS covers the full spectrum of the battery industry, including lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen, alkaline, lithium primary and lithium-ion batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, thermoelectric generators, battery systems, raw materials, components, production equipment, testing instruments, and battery management systems.